# Python Operator Precedence

Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed in an expression. Operators with higher precedence are performed before operators with lower precedence.

## Precedence Table

The following table lists all operators from highest precedence to lowest.

| Operator | Description |
| :--- | :--- |
| `()` | Parentheses (grouping) |
| `f(args...)`, `x[index:index]`, `x[index]`, `x.attribute` | Function call, slicing, subscription, attribute reference |
| `await x` | Await expression |
| `**` | Exponentiation |
| `+x`, `-x`, `~x` | Positive, negative, bitwise NOT |
| `*`, `@`, `/`, `//`, `%` | Multiplication, matrix multiplication, division, floor division, remainder |
| `+`, `-` | Addition and subtraction |
| `<<`, `>>` | Bitwise shifts |
| `&` | Bitwise AND |
| `^` | Bitwise XOR |
| `|` | Bitwise OR |
| `in`, `not in`, `is`, `is not`, `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `!=`, `==` | Comparisons, including membership tests and identity tests |
| `not x` | Boolean NOT |
| `and` | Boolean AND |
| `or` | Boolean OR |
| `if` – `else` | Conditional expression |
| `lambda` | Lambda expression |
| `:=` | Assignment expression (walrus operator) |

## Associativity

Most operators in Python are left-associative, meaning that if an expression contains multiple operators with the same precedence, they are evaluated from left to right.

```python
print(10 - 4 - 3) 
# Output: 3
# Calculated as (10 - 4) - 3
```

Exponentiation `**` is right-associative.

```python
print(2 ** 3 ** 2)
# Output: 512
# Calculated as 2 ** (3 ** 2) -> 2 ** 9
```

## Examples

### Multiplication has higher precedence than addition

```python
x = 10 + 3 * 2
print(x) # Output: 16 (10 + 6)
```

### Parentheses override precedence

```python
x = (10 + 3) * 2
print(x) # Output: 26 (13 * 2)
```

[[programming/python/python]]